PR10的结构、信号转导以及功能的研究进展

PR10蛋白是植物在受到各类生物和非生物胁迫后产生的一种病程相关蛋白(Pathogenesis related proteins, PRs)。本文首先回顾和总结了PRs以及PR10近年来的研究进展。主要介绍了PR10蛋白的序列和结构特征,并结合国内外的研究成果总结了PR10的信号转导途径;分析了PR10蛋白在不同方面的功能,比如具有核酸酶活性,抵抗病原微生物等生物与非生物胁迫,以及与宿主细胞程序化死亡密切相关等方面,最后提出了PR10在目前研究中依然存在的问题及对未来的展望,所以研究该抗病基因的功能和作用机制对于今后在改良农作物的品质,提高作物产量方面具有重要的意义。     

生物活性肽的研究进展

生物活性肽属于多功能因子。随着各种生物活性的不断发现,对其生理功能的不断探究,生物活性肽越来越受到人们的关注。作者对不同来源的生物活性肽,依其不同的生理功能进行了综述,以期为生物活性肽的研发提供参考。     

抗菌肽抗病的研究进展

抗菌肽具有广谱杀菌,对病毒、真菌、某些肿瘤具有一定的抑制作用,抗菌肽还具有不产生耐药性,对正常细胞无毒害作用,是一种理想的生物制剂。作者综述了近些年来抗菌肽在抗细菌、病毒、真菌和癌症等方面的相关研究,并就抗菌肽在当前存在的问题和未来巨大的应用前景进行了探讨。     

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae: chemical control,resistance mechanisms and possible alternatives

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is a Gram‐negative bacterium that causes the bacterial canker of both green (Actinidia deliciosa) and yellow (Actinidia chinensis) fleshed kiwifruit. Since the emergence of an economically devastating Psa outbreak in Japan in the 1980s, the disease took a contagious turn causing severe economic loss to kiwifruit industries in Italy, South Korea, Spain, New Zealand and other countries. Research shows that the pathogenic strains isolated from different infected orchards vary in their virulence characteristics and have distinct genes coding for the production of different toxins. The global Psa outbreak has activated research around the world on developing efficient strategies to contain the pandemic and minimize loss to the kiwifruit industry. Chemical and biological control options, orchard management and breeding programmes are being employed in this global effort. Synergy between different disease control strategies has been recognized as important. Phytotoxicity, resistance development and regulatory measures in certain countries restrict the use of copper compounds and antibiotics, which are otherwise the mainstay chemicals against bacterial plant diseases. Therefore, because of the limitations of existing chemicals, it is important to develop novel chemical controls against Psa. Antimicrobial peptides, which are attractive alternatives to conventional antibiotics, have found promising applications in plant disease control and could contribute to expanding the chemical control tool box against Psa. This review summarizes all chemical compounds trialled so far against Psa and provides thoughts on the development of antimicrobial peptides as potential solutions for the future.     

中性蛋白酶制备酪蛋白抗菌肽的研究

为了替代抗生素的广泛使用,防止病原菌耐药性大大提高,开发酪蛋白抗菌肽新型抗菌剂。本研究利用中性蛋白酶水解酪蛋白,以中性蛋白酶浓度、酶解时间、酶解温度、pH值为影响因子,在单因素试验结果的基础上,应用Centure-composite Design中心组合方法进行四因素三水平的实验设计,以酪蛋白水解液抑菌圈直径为响应值,运用响应面法对水解条件进行进一步的优化。结果表明：酶解温度、酶浓度、酶解时间、pH对酪蛋白水解液抑菌圈直径影响显著;酪蛋白抗菌肽制备的最佳工艺为：水解温度为50℃,酶浓度为3.73%,pH 7.9,酶解时间为130 min。回归方程预测酪蛋白水解液抑菌圈直径理论值可达到21.93 mm,3次验证实验的平均抑菌圈直径为21.91 mm,与理论最大值接近,可见该模型能较好地预测酪蛋白抗菌肽制备的最佳条件。     

响应面法优化碱性蛋白酶制备酪蛋白抗菌肽的研究

酪蛋白抗菌肽作为一种新型抗菌剂,分子量较小、热稳定性强、水溶性好、无免疫原性、对人无毒副作用等特点,可广泛应用于食品、药品、化妆品、饲料行业中。因此本研究利用碱性蛋白酶水解酪蛋白,以碱性蛋白酶浓度、酶解时间、酶解温度为影响因子,在单因素试验结果的基础上,应用Centure-Composite Design中心组合方法进行三因素三水平的实验设计,以酪蛋白水解液抑菌圈直径为响应值,运用响应面法对水解条件进行进一步的优化。结果表明：酶解温度、酶浓度、酶解时间对酪蛋白水解液抑菌圈直径影响显著;酪蛋白抗菌肽制备的最佳工艺为：水解温度为55.73℃,酶添加量为0.67%,酶解时间为66.07 min。回归方程预测酪蛋白水解液抑菌圈直径理论值可达到21.66 mm,3次验证实验的平均抑菌圈直径为21.67 mm,与理论最大值接近,可见该模型能较好地预测酪蛋白抗菌肽制备的最佳条件。     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The approach to the mechanism of calcitonin gene‐related peptide‐inducing inhibition of food intake

The aim of this study was to investigate the anorectic mechanism of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of CGRP (50 μg/kg) resulted in decline (p < 0.05) in the food intake of rats at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 h in comparison with saline control. Compared with saline‐treated group, the levels of hypothalamic 3′,5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and plasma glucagon were increased (p < 0.05) in CGRP‐treated group, but insulin level was decreased (p < 0.05). No significant changes (p > 0.05) in the plasma leptin were observed between two treatment groups. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide injection down regulated (p < 0.05) both neuropeptide Y (NPY) and melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) genes at mRNA levels, but up regulated (p < 0.05) the expression of cholecystokinin (CCK) gene. The correlations analysis showed that food intake was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with CCK mRNA, cAMP and glucagon levels. Moreover, there existed negative correlations (p < 0.05) between MCH mRNA and glucagon levels, and positive correlations (p < 0.05) between insulin and leptin levels. The results showed that cAMP acting as the second messenger may play a vital role in the anorectic effects of CGRP. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide could stimulate anorexigenic neuropeptides (i.e. CCK) and/or inhibit orexigenic neuropeptides (i.e. NPY and MCH) expression, and ultimately suppressed food intake that was functionally coupled to cAMP/PKA pathway activation.     

银杏GGPPS转运肽与GFP融合基因表达载体的构建（摘要）

[目的]构建银杏GGPPS转运肽与GFP融合基因表达载体。[方法]以银杏为材料,采用DNA重组技术克隆GGPPS基因质体转运肽（TP）序列,并将其与高效植物表达载体p1304＋连接形成融合表达载体（p1304＋-TP）;冻融法转化根瘤农杆菌EHA105,构建工程菌（EHA105-p1304＋-TP）。[结果]成功构建了银杏GGPPS转运肽与GFP融合基因表达载体及农杆菌工程菌。[结论]为进一步研究TP转运肽的亚细胞定位奠定基础,有助于阐明银杏内酯前体生物合成关键步骤的分子机理,同时为银杏内酯的代谢工程研究提供重要依据。     

Measurement of C‐peptide concentrations and responses to somatostatin,glucose infusion,and insulin resistance in horses

Reasons for performing study: Hyperinsulinaemia is detected in horses with insulin resistance (IR) and has previously been attributed to increased pancreatic insulin secretion. Connecting peptide (C‐peptide) can be measured to assess pancreatic function because it is secreted in equimolar amounts with insulin and does not undergo hepatic clearance. Hypothesis: A human double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) detects C‐peptide in equine serum and concentrations would reflect responses to different stimuli and conditions. Methods: A validation procedure was performed to assess the RIA. Six mature mares were selected and somatostatin administered i.v. as a primed continuous rate infusion, followed by 50 nmol human C‐peptide i.v. Insulin and C‐peptide concentrations were measured in horses (n = 6) undergoing an insulin‐modified frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test, and in horses with insulin resistance (n = 10) or normal insulin sensitivity (n = 20). Results: A human RIA was validated for use with equine sera. Endogenous C‐peptide secretion was suppressed by somatostatin and median (range) clearance rate was 0.83 (0.15–1.61) ml/min/kg bwt. Mean ± s.d. C‐peptide‐to‐insulin ratio significantly (P = 0.004) decreased during the glucose tolerance test from 3.60 ± 1.95 prior to infusion to 1.03 ± 0.18 during the first 20 min following dextrose administration. Median C‐peptide and insulin concentrations were 1.5‐ and 9.5‐fold higher, respectively in horses with IR, compared with healthy horses. Conclusions: Endogenous C‐peptide secretion decreases in response to somatostatin and increases after dextrose infusion. Results suggest that relative insulin clearance decreases as pancreatic secretion increases in response to dextrose infusion. Hyperinsulinaemia in insulin resistant horses may be associated with both increased insulin secretion and decreased insulin clearance. Potential relevance: Both C‐peptide and insulin concentrations should be measured to assess pancreatic secretion and insulin clearance in horses.     

抗菌脂肽对肉鸡抗氧化能力及血清生化指标的影响

为研究不同水平抗菌脂肽对肉鸡抗氧化能力及血清生化指标的影响,将1日龄健康AA肉鸡600只,随机分为5组:对照组(不含抗菌脂肽及抗生素)、抗生素对照组及在基础日粮中分别添加4 000、8 000和12 000 U/kg抗菌脂肽组,试验期为42 d。结果发现:4 000 U/kg抗菌脂肽能显著提高血清T-AOC及肝脏SOD水平,8 000 U/kg抗菌脂肽能显著提高血清SOD水平,同时能显著降低肝脏MDA水平。4 000 U/kg抗菌脂肽能显著提高血清TP及GLOB水平,而12 000 U/kg抗菌脂肽能提高血清GOT及GPT水平,但差异不显著。抗菌脂肽对血清UN及TC含量无明显影响。结果表明适宜的抗菌脂肽添加量(4 000 U/kg)能提高肉鸡抗氧化机能,且能促进蛋白质的代谢。